The Age of Industrialisation
CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers - The Age of Industrialisation. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation.
👉 NCERT Solution for Class 10 History Ch 4 - The Age of Industrialisation
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👉 Revision Notes for Class 10 History Ch 4 - The Age of Industrialisation
Very Short Answer Type Questions
👉 MCQs for History Ch 4 Class 10 - The Age of Industrialisation
1. What is meant by industrialisation ?
Answer :
By industrialisation is meant complete development of production units of a country, viz, agro-based, mineral-based units, etc.
2. On what did cottagers and poor peasants earlier depend ?
Answer :
Cottagers and poor peasants earlier depended on common lands. They gathered firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw from these lands.
3. Name the various non - mechanical sectors.
Answer :
Various non - mechanical sectors were food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implements.
4. How many steam engines were there in England at the beginning of the 19th century ? Where were they located ?
Answer :
At the beginning of the 19th century, there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. Of these, 80 were located in cotton industries, nine in wool industries and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works.
5. Why were industrialists in countries with labour shortage keen on using mechanical power ?
Answer :
In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour could be minimised.
6. Which were the main pre - colonial sea - ports ?
Answer :
Surat, Masulipatam and Hoogly were the main pre - colonial sea - ports. Surat on the Gujrat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea - ports; Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with South - East Asian ports.
7. Why was the East India Compnay keen on expanding textile exports from India ?
Answer :
British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe. So the East India Company was keen on expanding textile exports from India.
8. Why did industrial groups in England pressurise the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles ?
Answer :
Industrial groups in England pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.
9. Which two problems did cotton weavers in India face ?
Answer :
Two problems cotton weavers in India faced were :
- Collapse of their export market.
- Shrinking of the local market.
10. Why could Indian weavers not easily compete with the imported cotton goods ?
Answer :
The imported cotton goods were produced by machines at lower costs. So they were very cheap. That is why Indian weavers could not easily compete with them.
11. What made for Indian weaving industries impossible to survive by the end of the nineteenth century ?
Answer :
Factories in India began production and flooded the market with machine - goods. It made for weaving industries impossible to survive by the end of the nineteenth century.
12. Tell three of the biggest European Managing Agencies which controlled a large sector of Indian industries till the First World War.
Answer :
Three of the biggest European Managing Agencies which controlled a large sector of Indian industries till the First World War were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co.
13. Why did merchants in different regions of India begin meeting and forming Chambers of Commerce by the late nineteenth century ?
Answer :
By the late nineteenth century merchants in different regions of India began meeting and forming Chambers of Commerce to regulate business and decide on issue of collective concern.
14. Why did the economy of Britain crumble after the First World War ?
Answer :
The economy of Britain crumbled after the First World War because she was unable to compete with the US, Germnay and Japan.
15. By the second decade of the twentieth century, why did weavers use looms with a fly shuttle ?
Answer :
Handicrafts people adopted new technology if that helped them improve production without excessively pushing up costs. So, by the second decade of the twentieth century weavers used looms with a fly shuttle.
16. Tell two advantages of advertisements.
Answer :
- Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary.
- They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.
17. Why factory is being established ?
Answer :
Factory is a place where all the processes, of making anything, takes place under one roof. So, factory is being established so that owner of the factory could supervise the process of production and have a good watch over labour force and quality of manufactured product.
18. Which countries, like to prefer mechanical power over manual power ?
Answer :
Those countries, like to prefer mechanical power over manual power which have shortage of manual labour or where less labour power is available for industrial or agricultural production.
19. Why English company started a system to give advance loans to weavers ?
Answer :
English company started a system to give advance loans to weavers so that they could be able to purchase raw material very easily for their production and weavers could not be able to sell their produce to any other company or trader.
20. Why industries of England were unable to recapture their hold on Indian market ?
Answer :
Industries of England were unable to recapture their hold on Indian market because Indian industries had achieved enough development during war days and during those days England was busy in taking care of its own country. Moreover, many countries were giving quite good competition to industries of England.
21. What is meant by Capital ?
Answer :
Capital is nothing but the money which is invested by capitalism for setting up any factory to produce any thing. This money is not only used to establish any factory but is also used to buy machinery, raw material, transportation, etc.
22. What is meant by Capitalism ?
Answer :
Capitalism was a new economic system which was emerged in Europe after 15th century. In this economic system, things are produced by private entrepreneurs by investing its money and production is carried out to make more and more profit.
23. What is meant by Policy of Protection ?
Answer :
When some special protection is given to newly established industries so that they could be saved from stiff competition of other larger industries then this policy is known as policy of protection.
24. How industrialization brought changes in agricultural methods ?
Answer :
Industrialization led to new inventions and coming up of new technology. It also led to new inventions in agricultural tools like plough of steel, harrow, mechanical drill, tractor, thraser, etc. All these tools made agricultural work easy. In this way industrialization brought changes in agricultural methods.
25. Give two good impacts of industrial revolution.
Answer :
- Industrial revolution led to increase in production due to factory system. It also led to the growth in national wealth.
- People started to move very quickly from place to another due to development of new means of transport. World shrank to a great extent.
26. In which year the spinning Jenny was invented ?
Answer :
The spinning Jenny was invented in 1764 A.D.
27. Who is shown on the Gripe Water Calendar of 1928 A.D. ?
Answer :
The image of baby Krishna is shown on the Gripe Water calender of 1928 A.D.
28. Who patented the new steam engine in 1781 A.D. ?
Answer :
James Watt patended the new engine in 1781 A.D.
29. Who devised Spinning Jenny ?
Answer :
Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargeaves.
30. Who set up the first Iron and steel works in Jamshedpur ?
Answer :
J.N. Tata set up the first iron and steel works in Jamshedpur.
👉 CBSE Study Materials for Class 10
Short Answer Type Questions
👉 NCERT Solution for Class 10 - Hindi
1. Why was it difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns ?
Answer :
With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies by Britain in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns. In towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.
2. Why did peasant households eagerly agree when merchants come around and offer advances to produce goods for them ?
Answer :
Before the Industrial Revlution, open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on Common lands for their survival, gathering for their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternatie sources of income. Many had tiny plots of lands which could not provide work for all members of the households. So when merchants came around and ofered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.
3. What benefits did poor peasants and artisans in the countryside have by working for the merchants ?
Answer :
Poor peasants and artisans in the countryside had the following benefits by working for the merchants :
- They could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto - industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.
- It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.
4. How did a close relationship develop between the town and the countryside ?
Answer :
Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. They purchased wool from a wool stapler, and carried it to the spinners; the yarn (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers. The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market. In this way a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside.
5. How can you say that the proto - industrial system was part of a network of commercial exchanges ?
Answer :
The proto-industrial system was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers. Hence, we can say that the proto-industrial system was part of a network of commercial exchanges.
6. How did seasonality of work affect life of the workers ?
Answer :
Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season over, the poor were on the street again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in rural areas opened up in countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs. In this way seasonality of work affected life of the workers.
7. Explain the role of Indian merchants and bankers in the network of export trade.
Answer :
A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of export trade. They financed production and carried goods and supplied them to exporters. Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
8. Why were there clashes between weavers and gomasthas in many weaving villages ?
Answer :
In many weaving villages there were clashes between weavers and gomasthas appointed by the East India Company. Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages. They had a close relationship with the weavers. They looked after their needs and helped them in times of crisis. But the new gomasthas were outsiders. They had no long - term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply. The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The price they received from the company was miserbaly low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company. All this aroused clashes between weavers and gomasthas at several places.
9. What was the effect of clashes between weavers and gomasthas on the former ?
Answer :
Clashes between weavers and gomathas adversely affected the former. In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated. They set up looms in other villages where they had some family relation. Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted. They opposed the Company and its officials. Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.
10. Briefly describe the industrial growth in India from 1854 to 1874.
Answer :
The industrial growth in India from 1854 to 1874 is briefly described as under :
- The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later.
- By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.
- Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later in 1862.
- In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
- By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.
11. What harm did the opium trade of the Europeans cause to China in the 19th century ?
Answer :
Imperalist domination of China began with the opium wars. The British merchant started exporting Indian opium to China on a large scale. The illegal opium trade was highly profitable to the British traders. But it caused immense harm to the Chinese. The foreign merchants carried on extensive smuggling of opium all along the south -eastern coast of China. The forced use of opium did much physical and moral damage to the Chinese.
12. From where did the workers come to meet the increasing demand in factories ?
Answer :
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the villages went to the industrial centres in search of work. Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often mill workers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals. Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
13. What do you know about a jobber ?
Answer :
During the British rule in India industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers.
14. How did European Managing Agencies procure products for export trade ?
Answer :
European Managing Agencies dominated industrial production in India. They were interested in certain kinds of products. For the purpose, they acquired land at cheap rates from the colonial government and established tea and coffee plantations. Besides, they invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these were products required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.
15. Which changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India by the first decade of the twentieth century ?
Answer :
By the first decade of the twentieth century following changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India :
- As the swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth.
- Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests. They pressurised the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
- From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market.
So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.
16. Why could Manchester never recapture its old position in the Indian market after the First World War ?
Answer :
Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market after the First World War due to the following reasons :
- The economy of Britain had crumbled because she was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan.
- Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
- Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position. They substituted foreign manufacturers and captured the home market.
17. Which favourable conditions were there for the growth of industries in India ?
Answer :
- Industries need minerals to develop and to fulfill their power capacity. India fulfilled this condition because some Indian states have large deposits of iron ore and coal to meet the needs of industries.
- Industry need plenty of water for many of its functions and Indian rivers are full of water. That's why many large industries in India are situated on the banks of rivers.
- Industry needs enough raw material to make furnished product and India have enough raw material to fulfill this need of any industry.
- Market is also necessary so that manufactured goods could be sold and India itself is a very large market. Indian population requires a lot of products for its needs and industries are providing them goods of their requirement.
18. How industrialization affected the agriculture sector ?
Answer :
Industrial revolution came in Europe in late 18th century. Large industries were established to fulfill the needs of the people. So farmers were forced to adopt new methods or tools of agriculture so that the agricultural production could be increased and demand of industries could be met. Many new inventions took place in agricultural field. New machines were invented for every type of agricultural activity. New seeds were developed and chemical fertilizers came forward to increase productivity of the land. New means of irrigation came into being. With all these, agricultural work became very easy. In this way agricultural work was affected by industrialization.
19. Why was Industrial revolution started in England ?
Answer :
- England had enough natural resources like coal and iron, which are very much necessary for the establishment of any industry.
- British traders were engaged in activities of trade from such a long time because of which they had accumulated a lot of wealth. Wealth is very much necessary for all the activities of the industry.
- England was the main colonial power of the world and had many colonies in the world. They had enough raw materials at their disposal from their colonies. So the problem of raw material was not a problem for England.
- Many new inventions took place in Europe and people of England took enough advantage from these inventions and they developed their industries to a great extent.
20. How nations became dependent upon each other due to industrial revolution ?
Answer :
- With industrial revolution, new industries were established and demand of raw material for these industries was increased. Country itself was unable to fulfill this need and they had to look towards other countries foe raw material. So they became dependent upon each other.
- With increase in population, demand of manufactured goods was increased but home industries were unable to fulfill these needs. That's why countries had to look towards industrial nations for their needs and they became dependent upon others.
- Industrial countires need to sell their products or they require markets for the continuations of industries. Markets were available in colonies and raw material was abundantly available in colonies. So in this way counties became dependent upon each other.
21. How industrialization raised the living standard of the people ?
Answer :
- With industrialization new machines of luxury came into being and people were relieved from unpleasant works of home and jobs.
- Industrialization increased the production of goods with which these goods became cheap. People started to save their money and they started to raise their standard of living.
- Many new inventions took place due to industrial revolution. Means of transport and communication were developed because of which living standard of the people was raised.
- Large Scale production of many things brought many articles of luxury and comfort in the market. They were even within reach of common man and common man used these articles to raise its living standard.
22. Explain any three reasons as to why the technological changes were taking place at a slower pace in the factories in the 19th century.
Answer :
- Technological changes were taking place at a slower pace in the factories because new machines and technology were very expensive and industrialists were very much cautious about using them.
- Repair of machines very costly if machine broke down once.
- Machines used to produce uniforms and standardised goods for mass market but range of products could be produced only with the hand labour. But demand of different designs and shapes was increasing. That's why technological changes were coming at slower pace.
👉 NCERT Solution for Class 10 S.St
Long Answer Type Questions
👉 Revision Notes for Social Science Class 10
1. Describe the pace of industrial change in Britain.
Answer :
The pace of industrial change in Britain is described below :
- The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation upto the 1840s. After that the iron and steel industry led the way.With the expansion of railways, in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about €77 million, double the value of its cotton export.
- The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units.
- The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam - powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non - merchanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.
- Technological changes occured slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
2. Describe the early entrepreneurs.
Answer :
The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China. From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians became junior players in this trade. They provided finance and procured supplies and shipping consignments. Having earned through trade, some of these businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India. In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore, made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment. He set up six join stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore's enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later in the nineteenth century many of the China traders became successful industrialists. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsedjee Nuseerwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. So did the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla.
Capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa. There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited. They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and foodgrains - raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo - required by the British. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.
3. How can you say that Industrialization gave rise to capitalism and imperialism ?
Answer :
There is no denying the fact the Industrialization gave rise to capitalism. In other words we can say that imperialism is the ill-begotten child of industrialization. In Industrialization, two things are very much necessary for industries. First one is raw material for continue and uninteruppted production of industries and second thing is market to sell the furnished or manufactured product of industries. Industrialized countries used the policy of protection for their industries so that new born industries could be saved from stiff competition. That's why heavy taxes were imposed on imported goods. In this way these industries were developed. Next problem which these industrial nations faced was problem of market. They chose those countries where industrialization had not reached yet. That's why industrial nations started to occupy those nations or started to win over those nations. Those nations were provider of raw material and had quite good market. So European countries made different colonies in Asia and Africa. In this way they started to earn two way profit. First one was cheap raw material and second one was market for industrial products. So after looking at this we can say that industrialization gave rise to capitalism and imperialism.
4. How Industrial revolution in England affected economy of India ?
Answer :
- India was a major producer of clothes (woolen, cotton or silky), spices and indigo before industrial revolution. But when industrial revolution, India's position in all these spheres was declined to a great extent. England started to produce cloths because of which Indian export to England was declined.
- Industries of England started to produce cheap goods and goods of good quality but vast market was required to sell these goods. Slowly and slowly England started to export these goods to India and then Indian market became full of foreign made goods. In this way India became a very big and good market for products of England.
- When Englandmade good quality goods were available in India at cheap rates then people started to buy England made goods instead of local goods. With this Indian small scale industries and cottage industries started to decline.
- Industrialization of England led to increase unemployment to India. Indian markets were flooded with cheap but good quality England made products. Indian cottage industry was destroyed and artisans, handicraftsmen became unemployed.
- When Industrial revolution came in India then new industries were established in England. These industries require lot of raw material and this raw material abundantly was available in India. England started to buy raw materials at cheap rates with which wealth started to accumulate in India.
5. What were the merits of Industrial revolution ? Give its demerits also.
Or
"Industrial Revolution was a mixed blessing for the world." Explain the statement.
Answer :
It is right that industrial revolution proved to be a mixed blessing for the world. It has certain advantages and certain disadvantages which are given below :
Advantages -
- It gave rise to industries which has not the needs of increasing population of different countires.
- It led to invention of new technology with which life of the people became very easy.
- New inventions led to advent of articles of leisure. With these articles life of the people became very easy.
- Large scale production of articles led to reduced rates of things. Even common men were able to buy all the those articles leisure.
- It has led to invention of modern means of transport and communication and world trade or globalization was increased. World shrank due to development of means of transport.
Disadvantages -
- Due to industrial revolution, new industries with large scale production was developed. It led to destruction of small scale and cottage industries.
- With the destruction of small scale and cottage industries, artisans and handicraftsman became unemployed. They moved towards urban areas and urban areas became overcrowded.
- Industrial revolution gave rise to capitalism. Large scale production, availability of cheap raw material and markets led to accumulation of wealth. It gave rise to capitalism.
- Industrial revolution and capitalism also gave rise to imperialism. Need of raw material and search of market led to conquest of different countries and it led to imperialism.
- It led to development of many social problems like poverty, unemployment, slums, over crowdedness in urban areas, destruction of cottage industries etc. Government had to give a deep thought over these problems.
So after looking at these advantages and disadvantages we can say that industrial revolution was of mixed blessings for the world.
6. What was the impact of industrialization on different fields ?
Answer :
Industrialization proved as a blessing for human history because it has brought revolutionary changes in different field of world and some of these changes or impacts are given below :
- Agricultural Sector - Great changes came in agricultural sector due to industrialization. Demand of raw material grew with establishment of new industries. Farmers were forced to adopt new means of agriculture for more production. New machines of farming were invented with which work of agriculture became very easy.
- Development of Transport - New means of transport were developed and good roads were also built for these means. Steam Engine was invented with which new ships and railway system was developed. With the development of means of transport, it became very easy to transport things from one place to another and world trade was increased.
- Communication Sector - Communication sector was also developed due to industrial revolution. Invention of telegraphy and telephone brought revolution in the field of communication. They both proved very useful for growth of the industry.
- World Trade - Industrialization, development of means of transport and communication helped a lot in large scale production. Large scale production encouraged world trade. With the development of means of transport it became very easy to transport things. It has also encouraged trade in the world.