The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions with Answers
Very Short Answer Type Questions
👉 Revision Notes for Class 10 History Chapter 1 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
1. How can you say that the first expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution of 1789 ?
Answer :
The first clear expression of nationalism undoubtedly came with the French Revolution of 1789. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
2. What did the French revolutionaries consider as the mission and the destiny of the French nation ?
Answer :
The French revolutionaries considered it as the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.
3. When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, what did students and other members of educated middle classes begin to do ?
Answer :
When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1970s.
4. Which things outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes brought about by Napolean ?
Answer :
The things which outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes brought about by Napolean were increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe.
5. How was the aristocray organised in Europe in the nineteenth century ?
Answer :
In Europe the members of the aristocray were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town - houses. Their families were often connected by the ties of marriage. However they were numerically a small group.
6. Which new social classes rose as a result of industrialisation ?
Answer :
Two new social classes, namely a working class and a middle class rose as a result of industrialisation. The working class included labourers whereas the middle class comprised industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
7. Who were granted political rights in France ?
Answer :
In France, political rights such as the right to vote and to get elected were granted exclusively to property owing men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
8. What was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes during the nineteenth century ?
Answer :
Freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes during the nineteenth century.
9. Write a short note on the customs union, known as 'Zollverein' ?
Answer :
The customs union, known as 'Zollverein' was formed in 1834 A.D. at the initative of Prussia. Most of the German states joined this union. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
10. Who were conservatives ?
Answer :
Conservatives were those people who supported traditional institutions. They believed that established traditional institutions like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved.
11. When did the first upheavel take place in France and with what result ?
Answer :
The first upheavel took place in France in July 1830 A.D.. As a result of this upheaval the Bourbon kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head was installed.
12. What do you know about the revolt of weavers in Silesia in 1845 A.D. ?
Answer :
In 1845 A.D., weavers in Silesia revolted against contractors. These contractors supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles. But they reduced payment of the weavers. So the weavers led a revolt against them.
13. What was the impact of the February 1848 Revolution on France ?
Answer :
- The monarch was forced to abdicate the throne.
- A republic based on universal male suffrage was proclaimed.
14. What did Friedrich William IV, king of Prussia do when he was offered a crown subject to a parliament ?
Answer :
When Friedrich William IV, king of Prussia, was offered a crown subject to a parliament, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
15. Which allegory did artists use during the French Revolution to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic ?
Answer :
During the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. These ideas were represented through specific objects or symbols. The attributes of Liberty were the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice was generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
16. What is Liberalism ?
Answer :
Word Liberalism has been derived from the word 'Liber' which is a word of Latin language. Meaning of Liber is free. So the meaning of liberalism is the representative government through parliament and the end of autocracy and certain privileges of clerics.
17. Who were known as Conservatives ?
Answer :
Conservatives were actually totally against liberals. Conservative people believe that established traditional institutions of society should be preserved and saved like church, monarchy, family, property etc.
18. Which important change came in France with Revolution of 1830 ?
Answer :
The important change came in France with revolution of 1830 was that the power of Bourbon King was thrown away by revolutionaries and France came under constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe.
19. What was the result of Revolution of France of 1848 A.D. ?
Answer :
Two main results came of revolution of France of 1848 was that Louis Philippe was thrown out of power by liberal middle class and a republic based on universal male suffrage was established over there.
20. When Ireland and United Kingdom were united and what was its impact ?
Answer :
Ireland and United Kingdom were united in 1800 A.D. and Great Britain came into being. With Great Britain, its new symbols like language, flag, national anthem etc. also came forward.
21. Which areas were included in the Balkan region ?
Answer :
Balkan region was a vast territory which was lying between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea. Modern countries of Croatia, Albania, Romania, Greece, Bosnia - Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia etc were included in this region. People living in Balkan region were known as slavs.
22. Who was Frederic Sorrieu ?
Answer :
Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who had prepared a series of four points in 1848. His four points had visualised a dream of that world which is made up of social republics and democratic countries.
23. Which role did Bismarck play in unification of Germany ?
Answer :
Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia who worked a lot for the unification of Germany. He followed the policy of Blood and Iron and even defeated Austria in 1866 and France in 1870 A.D.. Just because of his efforts, many independent states were unified under the leadership of Prussia with the new name of Germany.
24. What is meant by Allegory ?
Answer :
When an abstract idea (for example greed, envy, liberty, freedom) is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
👉 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for Class 10 Histroy Ch 1 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is a nation ? Mention any two traits of a nation.
Answer :
A nation is a community which considers itself one. It is held together by ties like having on the same land, speaking a common language, having a common tradition or history and a common heritage besides having a feeling of unity.
The two important traits of nation are : (1) common territory and (2) common heritage.
2. What is meant by "Imperialism" ? Give two features of imperialism.
Answer :
The term 'imperialism' means the practice of extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and economic life area outside its own borders.
The following are the two main features of imperialism :
- The first essential feature of imperialism is exploitation of economic resources of the occupied areas for the benefit of the imperial country.
- The imperial power subordinates the interests of the colonies and establishes its monopoly over the trade of its colonies.
3. What is meant by Pan - Slav Movement ?
Answer :
Some of the East European provinces of the Ottoman Empire were inhabited by the people of Slav race. These were Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece. The Russians were also Slav people. The Ottoman Empire was rapidly advancing towards decay and collapse.
The Slav people under the Ottoman Empire organised movement for freedom. The Russian Czars encouraged this movement against the Ottoman Turks. This movement was known as Pan - Slav Movement.
4. Describe the character of Louis XVI.
Answer :
Louis XVI became the king of France in 1774. He was a weak ruler and had no foresight. He did not take any interest in the administration. He had assigned all the administrative duties to such officers as had no welfare of the people at heart. As a result, the people revolted against administration.
5. Describe the role of Rousseau in the French Revolution.
Answer :
Rousseau gave his ideas in his book 'Social Contract'. He propounded that the people were the real masters of the state and the king ruled with their consent. Thus under the influence of the writings of Rousseau, people of France began to agitate for a revolution. Somebody had rightly said, "But for Rousseau there had been no French Revolution." Rousseau declared that all political organizations were tyrannical and open to abuses. "Man was born free but he was everywhere in chains." He propounded the idea of sovereignty of people.
6. Mention the contribution of Voltaire to the French Revolution.
Answer :
Voltaire attacked the vices of the society, the church and the blind faith. He gave the church the name of an 'Infamous Thing'. He instigated the people to ask for reform. Voltaire attacked the traditions, belief and abuses in verse, prose, history, drama and romace. The church in France was the main target of his attack. He decalred, "Since we are all steeped in errors and follies we must forgive each other, worship God and be a good man."
7. What was the role of Montesquieu in the French Revolution ?
Answer :
Montesquieu was a famous and great philosopher of his time. He was vehemently opposed to the Divine Right Theory of Kingship and was in favour of the blemishes of the monarchial system. His ideas gave impetus to the revolutionary sentiments.
Montesquieu initated a philosophic movement and a chain of criticism which were to strike at the root of the ancient regime of France. He stood for the constitutional form of government . He believed in the supremacy of law and the separation of the three organs of the government. His book "The Spirit of Laws" awakened the French society and created the atmosphere for the revolution.
8. What were the reactions of the local populations to the French rule in the areas conquered by Napolean ?
Answer :
In the areas conquered by Napolean, the reactions of the local populations to the French rule were mixed. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
9. How were conservative regimes set up in 1815 A.D. autocratic ?
Answer :
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 A.D. were autocratic in real sense of the word. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. They sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.
10. What role did language play in developing nationalist sentiments ?
Answer :
Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russians language was imposed everywhere. In 1813, an armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
11. Who was Garibaldi ? What was his main achievement ?
Or
Discuss the contribution of Garibaldi in the Italian unification.
Answer :
Garibaldi was one of the great revolutionary of Italy. He was born in 1807 A.D. and his parents wanted to make him a priests but he had no interest in this profession. He was very much interested in sea life and later on became a good sailor. He was a brave and courageous person who favoured the use of force for unification of Italy. He started 'Young Italy' movement with Mazzini. He was involved in the revolt of Sardinian sailors in 1835 A.D. but it was failed. In 1848 A.D. he declared Rome as republic by overthrowing Papal authority over Rome. He organised a force called 'Red Shirts' which defeated Austrain forces to liberate Naples and Sicily. It was later on joined by Sardinia. In this way, Garibaldi played a great role in the unification of Italy.
12. What was the contribution of King Victor Emmanual in the process of unification of Italy ?
Answer :
Victor Emmanual belongs to the royal family of Savoy and was the son of Charles Albert. Victor Emmanual was the king of Sardinia who gave help to revolutionaries to achieve the objetive of unification of Italy. It is right that Mazzini and Cavour have played a great role in unification of Italy but the contribution of King Victor Emmanuel cannot be undermined. King Victor Emmanual was the king of Sardinia who finally completed the task of unification when Cavour died after capturing Venetia and Rome. With this capturing of Venetia and Rome, work of unification of Italy was completed which was left incomplete by Cavour. Thus unified Italy come into existence in 1871 under the leadership of Sardinian King.
13. What were the similar earlier political conditions in the peocess of unification of Italy and Germany ?
Answer :
- Both Italy and Germany were divided into many small states which lack unity among each other.
- Both the countries of Italy and Germany had faced reactionary policies of Austria.
- Napolean encouraged unification in both the countries but they were again divided into smaller states by Congress of Vienna in 1815.
- Both countries had fought wars against Austria before their unification.
- Both the countries got courageous leaders (Bismarck for Germany and Cavour, Mazzini etc. for Italy) who gave a lot of contribution in unification of their respective countries.
14. What were the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany ?
Answer :
- Piedmont was main state in unification of Italy but it was a weak state. But Prussia was main state in unification of Germany and it was the powerful state.
- Most of the Italian states were under great influence of Austria but Austria was only the head of German Confederation of states.
- Bismarck always favoured the use of force in the unification of Germany but Cavour did not believe in use of force in unification of Italy.
- Italian states lacked unity and that's why its process of unification was very difficult but this process in case of Germany was not very much difficult.
Long Answer Type Questions
👉 NCERT Solution for Class 10 Geography Ch 1 - Resources and Development
1. How can you explain that there were no nation - states in mid - eighteenth century Europe ?
Answer :
We can explain in the following ways that there were no nation - states in mid - eighteenth century Europe :
- Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
- Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
- The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria - Hungary, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions - Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German - speaking. It also included the Italian - speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
- In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyer while the other half spoke a variety of dialects.
- In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples - Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
2. Define Nation. What were the significant aspects of the nation - states in the early 19th century ?
Answer :
The English word 'nation' has been derived from the Latin word 'Natus' which means a 'race'. According to Bryce, 'A nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body either independent or desiring to be independent'. Thus a nation is a community which considers itself one and is held together by many ties. According to Carr, 'Nations in the modern sense of the word did not emerge until the close of the Middle Age. After the French Revolution, strong and independent states emerged in Europe as distinct political units. They were called 'nation-states'. For example, Spain, Belgium, Poland, Austria, France, England, Italy and Germany states were nation - states. The following were the significant aspects of the nation - states in the early 19th century :
- Before the establishment of nation - states, there existed autocratic rule. The people had to fight against the autocratic rulers. The autocratic rulers were compelled to accept the legitimate demands of the people and to make necessary reforms in the administration or to abdicate. Thus the nation - states were established after a long struggle by the people.
- Each nation wanted to have its own independent state. This is why it was called a nation - state.
- The nation - state held the people together on the basis of common territory, common language, common culture and economic interdependence. The people got opportunities to develop their talents.
- In some nation - states, the constitutional governments based on written or unwritten constitutions were established. England is the best example of it.
- The establishment of nation - states replaced the previous boundaries by new scientific system of boundaries.
- The establishment of strong nation - states extended the facilities for development in the fields of agriculture, industries and commerce and thereby helped the people to raise their economic conditions.
3. Describe the Vienna Congress.
Answer :
In 1815 A.D., representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria - who had collectively defeated Napolean, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napolean. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the German Confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napolean was left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napolean, and create a new conservative order in Europe.
4. Which obstacles were there in the way of Unification of Italy ?
Or
Discuss the obstacles in the way of Italian Unification.
Answer :
Many obstacles were there in the way of Italian unification and some of are given below :
- Small States - In 16th century, Italy became a very weak country. It was divided into many smaller states who were so weak that they were unable to counter the attack of any foreigner ruler. They always used to quarrel with each other and that's why they had no unity among them.
- Rule of Foreign Countries - Italy was invaded by many foreigner rulers many a times because of weakness of smaller states. Some states like Modena, Tuscany were under influence of France and some states like Venetia, Lombardy were under influence of Austria. Even Napolean had won all of the Italian states. So rule of foreign countries was a great obstacle.
- Congress of Vienna 1815 A.D. - In 1815 A.D., Napolean was defeated by the unified forces. Italy, which was under occupation of Napolean, was divided by winners of the battle of Waterloo. Some states were given to France and some were given to Austria. Rule of old rulers was restored in those states. So Congress of Vienna divided Italy and it was also one of the great obstacle in the way of Italian unification.
- Pope - Pope is the spiritual head of Christians and had its dominance over Papal state i.e. Rome. He was known as the spiritual head of all Christian states in the world. He had kept foreign forces in Rome for his security and was always remained away from Nationalists. So Pope was also one of the obstacles in Italian Unification.
5. Briefly trace the process of Italian Unification.
Or
Explain the different stages in the Unification of Italy.
Answer :
During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into small states. Out of all these states, only Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The North was under Austrain Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the Southern regions were under the dominant of the Bourbon kings of France. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia - Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanual II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
Chief Minister Cavour, who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy, spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia - Piedmont succeded in defeating Austrain forces in 1859 A.D. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giusepe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860 A.D., they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and liberated these kingdoms to join Sardinia. In 1870 A.D., Rome was vacated by France and it became a part of Sardinia. In this way the Italy was unified in 1871 A.D. and remained as a monarchy till the restoration of democracy.
6. Why Nationalism was risen in Europe ?
Or
Which factors led to rise of Nationalism in Europe after 1830's.
Answer :
Nationalism was one of the important forces of 19th century Europe which gave birth to many new countries. Certain factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism and these factors are given below :
- Feudalism was emerged in medeival period in Europe and became one of the most powerful forces of Europe. It was one of the great obstacle in the way of nationalism because it became very powerful with the passage of time. But due to certain reasons it fall down and declined. Some feudal lords died in mutual wars and crusades also led to thri fall. Without the decline of feudalism, feudalism could not have risen to this much extent.
- During the medeival period, church was very powerful and had great power all over the world. But people were awakened by the movements like Renaissance and Reformation. It led to the decline in the authority and power of pope. So decline of Pope's authority led to the establishment of national church in many countries.
- Many wars also arosed the sentiments of the nationalism among the people. When the respect of country is on stake, it is necessary that nationalism will arose among the people.
- Foreign rule also became one of the factor in the growth of nationalism among the people. Foreign rulers generally like to suppress the feelings of the nation under their occupation. It had led to growth of sense of nationalism and people started to think about throwing foreign rule out of their country.
- Many writers also have contributed towards the growth of nationalism among the people. Many writers wrote about nationalism, nation etc. which aroused political consciousness among the people and they started thinking about nationalism.