Verbs And Tenses English Grammar Class 10

byMr. Chandan

 Verbs And Tenses for English Grammar Class 10

Present Continuous Tense, Present Indefinite Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Past Indefinite Tense
Verbs And Tenses

Verb : जिस शब्द से काम का करना या होना स्पष्ट हो , उसे verb कहते है ; जैसे -
  1. He wrote a letter.
  2. The peon is running the bell.
  3. The kite flew in the air.
अंग्रेजी भाषा में Verb के तीन मुख्य रूप होते है -
  1. Present
  2. Past
  3. Past Participle
Verb के जिस रूप से यह पता चले कि क्रिया कब हुई है , उसे Tense कहा जाता है। Tense तीन प्रकार के होते है -
  1. Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)
  2. Past Tense ( भूतकाल)
  3. Future Tense (भविष्यत् काल )
प्रत्येक Tense के चार भिन्न - भिन्न रूप होते है -
  • Present Simple or Indefinite
  • Present Progressive or Continuous
  • Present Perfect
  • Present Perfect Continuous

  • Past Simple or Indefinite
  • Past Progressive or Continuous
  • Past Perfect
  • Past Perfect Continuous

  • Future Simple or Indefinite
  • Future Progressive or Continuous
  • Future Perfect
  • Future Perfect Continuous

1. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

( V1 + s या es)

Present Indefinte Tense (अथवा Simple Present) का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. स्थायी सत्यों के लिए। (For universal truths)
  • The sun shines by day.
  • Two and two make four.
  • The Ganga rises in the Himalayas.
2. चरित्र - सम्बन्धी स्थायी व्यव्हार अथवा आदतों के लिए। (For habitual actions)
  • I keep my promises.
  • He never tells a lie.
  • You quarrel over trifles.
3. प्रायः अथवा नियतमः होने वाली क्रियाओ के लिए। (For often repeated or regular actions)
  • In summer, the sun rises before six.
  • She writes a letter to the mother every week.
  • My friend often comes to my house.
4. निकट भविष्य के लिए। (For near future)
  • He leaves for Mumbai tomorrow.
  • He comes in a few days' time.
  • When do you start for Agra ?
5. वास्तविक वर्तमान के लिए। (For actual present)
  • I undertsand what you say.
  • The door is open; it is not shut.
  • We now live in this house.

EXERCISE

Use the correct form of verb given in brackets. Use 'not' where necessary.
  1. Lions.............(not live) on fruit and vegetables.
  2. What.............(make) the moon go round the earth ?
  3. Irregular work never.........(bring) success.
  4. This parcel..............(contain) a gift for you.
  5. My friends often ................... (send) me presents.
  6. My mother rarely................... (sleep) in the daytime.
  7. I.............. (understand) everything the teacher says.
  8. Your health...................(depend) on nutrious food.
  9. My father usually............. (wake) up at five.
  10. You are wrong. This word .............. (mean) what you say.
  11. Very long novels .............. (interest) me.
  12. No, this book ................. (belong) to me.
  13. Mr Das is my friend. He .............. (have) two sons.
  14. He ............ (except) to complete his work by tomorrow.
  15. He usually ................ (finish) his work quickly.
Answers:
  1. do not live
  2. makes
  3. brings
  4. contains
  5. send
  6. sleeps
  7. understand
  8. depends
  9. wakes
  10. doesn't mean
  11. don't interest
  12. doesn't belong
  13. has
  14. expects
  15. finishes

2. Present Continuous Tense

(is / am / are + V1-ing)

Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. बोलने के समय पर चल रही क्रिया के लिए। (For actions going on at the time of speaking)
  • Girls are playing in the ground.
  • Look ! The train is coming.
  • You are not listening to me.
  • I can't follow you; you are speaking very fast.
2. किसी आदत अथवा व्यव्हार वर्णन करने के लिए। (For expressing some habit or behaviour)
  • She is working regularly these days.
  • You are always telling lies.
  • He is coming to me regularly for help and guidance.
  • He is working hard on English grammar.
3. निकट भविष्य सम्बन्धी किसी योजना के लिए। (For some plan in near future)
  • We are doing these exercises this evening.
  • I am taking the children to the zoo on Sunday.
  • What are you doing tomorrow ?
  • Where are you spending your next summer vocation ?
नोट -

1. कुछ क्रियाओं को शुरू करना अथवा उन्हें रोकना हमारी इच्छा पर निर्भर नहीं करता है। अचेत रूप से होने वाली इस प्रकार की क्रियाओं को Continuous Tense में प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है ; जैसे -
  • understand, differ, know, remember, forget, believe, doubt, agree, imagine, mean , see, think (that) , feel (their) , आदि मानसिक क्रियाएं। 
  • desire , want , wish, love, hate, like, dislike, आदि इच्छा अथवा रूचि - सूचक क्रियाएं। 
  • appear , seem , resemble, आदि रूप - सूचक क्रियाएं। 
  • belong , consist, cost , contain, depend , resemble, own, आदि फुटकर क्रियाएं। 
2. Present Continuous तथा Present Indefinite के अंतर को अच्छी प्रकार समझ लेना चाहिए। निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए -
  • Present Indefinite - for habitual actions, for universal truths.
  • Present Continuous - for actions in progress at the time of speaking.
3. कुछ स्थितियों में Present Continuous तथा Present Indefinite Tense में से किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है ; जैसे -

1. निकट भविष्य के लिए -
  • He reaches here tomorrow.
  • He is reaching here tomorrow.
2. किसी आदत व्यव्हार के लिए -
  • He works hard these days.
  • He is working hard these days.
किन्तु यह बात ध्यान में रखी जानी चाहिए कि -
बोलने के समय पर चल रही क्रियाओं के लिए Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए , जबकि स्थायी सत्यों और आदतों के लिए Present Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 
1. I read English lessons daily.
    I am reading the sixth lesson now.

2. Our teacher usually sounds in front of the room.
    But now he is coming in the middle of the room.

Exercise

Use the correct Tense form of the verbs given in brackets :
(Present Simple or Present Progressive)
  1. He ............ (know) several persons here.
  2. Leela ............ (do) her homework. Don't disturb her.
  3. I ........... (believe) what you say.
  4. Run fast ! The train ............ (whistle).
  5. He ............ (resemble) his father.
  6. Look ! Smoke ........... (come) out of that window.
  7. He ................. (want) to buy a scooter.
  8. They .............. (build) a bridge across the river.
  9. I ................ (have) a new computer.
  10. He ............... (seem) to be sick.
  11. The commission ............. (prepare) its report.
  12. He is still ........... (sleep) in his room.
  13. Your finger ............... (bleed). Go to the doctor.
  14. Look ! She ............... (tremble) with fear.
  15. She has committed a mistake, but she .............. (admit) it.
Answers:
  1. knows
  2. is doing
  3. believe
  4. is whistling
  5. resembles
  6. is coming
  7. wants
  8. are building
  9. have
  10. seems
  11. is preparing
  12. sleeping
  13. is bleeding
  14. is trembling
  15. doesn't admit

Present Perfect Tense

(has/have + V3)

Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. अभी - अभी (वर्तमान में) पूरी हुई क्रिया के लिए -
  • He has reached home safe and sound.
  • She hasn't yet finished her work.
  • I have read this letter.
नोट - जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में किसी समय पर शुरू हुई हो , और बोलने के समय तक जारी रही हो , तो उसके लिए Present Perfect Tense (has / have + V3) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में घटित हुई हो किन्तु उसके प्रभाव अथवा परिणाम को वर्तमान में महसूस किया जा रहा हो , तो उसके लिए भी Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

2. बीते अनुभव की ओर संकेत करने के लिए -
  • My father has worked in this office.
  • I have seen the Taj Mahal in moonlight.
  • I have studied in this school.
3. भूतकाल  में घटी हुई कोई  ऐसी घटना , जिसके वर्तमान महत्त्व पर वक्ता बल देना चाहता हो ; जैसे -
  • He has come to my house many a time.
  • This disease has killed many children.
  • He has travelled round the world.
  • The students have gone on strike.
  • He has gone to England.
यह बात याद रखने योग्य है कि भूतकाल में घटी हुई किसी ऐसी घटना के लिए Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग कभी नहीं किया जाता है जिसके घटित होने के समय का उल्लेख वाक्य में किया गया हो। ऐसी स्थिति में Simple Past Tense अर्थात V2 का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

उदाहरण के रूप में हमें यह नहीं कहना चाहिए कि -
  1. He has come here yesterday.
  2. He has passed this examination in 2002.
हमें कहना चाहिए कि -
  1. He came here yesterday.
  2. He passed this examination in 2002.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form of the verbs given in brackets :
  1. He ................. (be) a teacher since 1994.
  2. I ................ (come) to this town in 1998.
  3. He ................... (get) a new car now.
  4. He ................... (buy) a new car last month.
  5. I ............... (already see) this film.
  6. I ................ (see) this film in Mumbai last month.
Answers :
  1. has been
  2. came
  3. has got
  4. bought
  5. have already seen 
  6. saw

4. PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

(V2)

Past Indefinite Tense (अथवा Simple Past Tense) का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. भूतकाल में पूरी हुई किसी क्रिया के लिए -
  • We learnt English at school.
  • He killed a snake.
  • My father taught in this school.
2. भूतकाल के सम्बन्ध में किसी आदत , अथवा प्रायः होने वाली क्रिया के लिए -
  • He came to me every evening.
  • He never told a lie.
  • I always spoke the truth.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets :
  1. Last Saturday, I ............. (stay) at home.
  2. Who ................ (play) the hero in that film ?
  3. She was sick; so he .............. (not come) to the party last night.
  4. We ............... (eat) our dinner at ten last night.
  5. She .............. (walk) to college yesterday morning.
  6. Radha ........... (buy) a new saree last month.
  7. He ............. (not go) to his office on Saturday. He had fever.
  8. We .............. (drink) coffee at breakfast yesterday.
  9. It ................. (not rain) heavily last summer.
  10. The sun ............. (rise) at five o'clock yesterday. 
  11. I ............ (save) fifty rupees last month.
  12. I .............. (lose) my new pen yesterday.
  13. I don't remember when I .............. (see) him last.
  14. The Buddha ............. (preach) his first sermon at Sarnath.
  15. He .............. (win) a scholarship by working hard.
Answers:
  1. stayed
  2. played
  3. didn't come
  4. ate
  5. walked
  6. bought
  7. didn't go
  8. drank
  9. didn't rain
  10. rose
  11. saved
  12. lost
  13. saw
  14. preached
  15. won

5. Past Continuous Tense

(was/were + V1 - ing)

Past Continuous Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है यदि कोई क्रिया भूतकाल  में किसी निश्चित समय पर अथवा किसी निश्चित अवधि के दौरान चल रही है। 
  1. He was writing a letter when I saw him.
  2. I was reading a novel yesterday afternoon.
Past Continuous तथा Past Indefinite के अंतर को अच्छी प्रकार  समझ लेना चाहिए। निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए -
Past Indefinite - for completed activity
Past Continuous - for continuity in past

Past Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उन स्थिति में किया जाता है जब हमारी मुख्य रूचि क्रिया के समय (time of action) में न हो , अपितु क्रिया के जारी रहने (continuity of action) में हो। 
क्रिया के पूरे होने में हमारी रूचि कम होती है और क्रिया के जारी होने की स्थिति पर अधिक बल होता है। यदि हमारी रूचि क्रिया के पूरे होने (completed activity) में हो तो Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 
Completed activity - Past Indefinite Tense (V2) Continuing activity - Past Continuous Tense (was/were + V1 + ing)
1. He came into the room While I was writing.
2. I saw her as I was passing by her house yesterday.
I dropped my watch While I was winding it.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Past Simple or Past Progressive) of the verbs given in brackets :
  1. I ......... (read) a novel when my friend came.
  2. I ......... (go) to bed early last night.
  3. At midnight, I .......... (lie) awake in my bed.
  4. He jumped off the train while it ............ (move).
  5. I did not see that the teacher .......... (stand) behind me.
  6. It ................ (begin) to rain just as we moved out.
  7. I heard that the child .......... (cry).
  8. I saw that the two policeman .......... (chase) a thief.
  9. I ............ (have) my lunch when the postman came.
  10. When I ............ (see) him last, he was quite healthy.
  11. A thief ............... (break) into our house last night.
  12. He ............. (realise) his folly, but it was too late.
  13. The snake bit the boy while he .............. (try) to catch it.
  14. I ................ (do) nothing important when you came to me.
  15. While the teacher .............. (teach), all the boys were silent.
Answers :
  1. was reading
  2. went
  3. lay
  4. was moving
  5. was standing
  6. began
  7. was crying
  8. were chasing
  9. was having
  10. saw
  11. broke
  12. realised
  13. was typing
  14. was doing 
  15. was teaching

6. Past Perfect Tense

(had + V3)

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. ऐसी क्रिया के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय (moment)  से पहले, या किसी निश्चित समय  तक पूरी हो चुकी हो।
  • The patient had died before the doctor came.
  • I had finished my work by evening.
2. किसी असंतुष्ट इच्छा को प्रकट करने के लिए। 
  • I wish my father had been here at this time.
  • I wish I had worked harder.
3. Present Perfect अथवा Simple Past वाले किसी वाक्य को Direct कथन से Indirect कथन में बदलने के लिए भी इस Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 
  • He said, "The train arrived late." (Simple Past)
  • He said that the train had arrived late. (Past Perfect)
  • He said , "I have left my parents." (Present Perfect)
  • He said that he had left his parents. (Past Perfect)
यदि किसी वाक्य में भूतकाल में घटी हुई दो क्रियाओं का वर्णन हो , तो उनमे से जो क्रिया पहले घटी हो , उसके लिए (Past Perfect Tense) का प्रयोग किया जाता है , और जो क्रिया अपेक्षाकृत रूप से बाद में घटी हो , उसके लिए Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग केवल तब किया जाना चाहिए जब भूतकाल में होने वाली कोई क्रिया किसी अन्य क्रिया की अपेक्षा पहले पूरी होने का भाव रखती हो। 

Past Perfect Tense is never used except to show the priority of one past event to another.
Earlier action - Past Perfect Tense (had + V3) Later action - Past Indefinite Tense (V2)
1. The bell had rung before I reached the school
2. we had finished this lesson as I was passing by her house yesterday.
3. Ophelia had gone mad While I was winding it.
4. I had sent the message before the clock struck ten.
5. The patient had died when the doctor stepped in
The boy had left the class when the teacher came

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the right Tense form (Simple Past or Past Perfect) of the verbs given in brackets :
नोट -
  1. परस्पर सम्बन्ध रखने वाली दो भूतकालीन क्रियाओं में से जो क्रिया पहले घटी हो , उसके लिए Past Perfect Tense (had + V3) का प्रयोग कीजिए। 
  2. जो क्रिया अपेक्षाकृत रूप से बाद में घटी हो , उसके लिए Simple Past (V2) का प्रयोग कीजिए। 

  1. He said that he .......... (write) the letter.
  2. Mohan ............. (reach) home before it started raining.
  3. She said that she .............. (win) the prize.
  4. He had broken the lock before I .......... (bring) the key.
  5. The boys said that they ............ (finish) their work.
  6. We ................ (reach) the ground before the match started.
  7. He ................ (not put) on his clothes when the bell rang.
  8. We ............... (have) our dinner before she left.
  9. I .............. (lose) the book before I read it.
  10. The patient ............... (die) before the doctor came.
  11. The teacher said that the boys ........... (go) on picnic.
  12. He ................ (not see) me before.
  13. He ................(not recognise) me when I went to meet him.
  14. I wish I ................ (listen) to my parent's advice.
  15. I ............ (eat) my lunch before my friend came.
Answers :
  1. had written
  2. had reached
  3. had won
  4. brought
  5. had finished
  6. had reached
  7. had not put
  8. had
  9. had lost
  10. had died
  11. had gone
  12. had not seen
  13. did not recognise
  14. had listened
  15. had eaten

7. Future Indefinite Tense

(will / shall + V1)

Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए :

Assertive वाक्यों में
  • यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप से ही वर्णन हो तो First Person के लिए Shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Person के लिए Will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 
  • यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य - सम्बन्धी आदेश (command) , प्रण (Promise) , निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat) , आदि का वर्णन हो , तो First Person के लिए Will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Person के लिए Shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 
  • यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य - सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना चाहता हो , तो वह अपने लिए Will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात ऐसे  वाक्यों में First Person के लिए Will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

Interrogative वाक्यों में

  • प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में Will I और Shall you का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है। 
  • Third Person के लिए Will अथवा Shall किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। 
Shall he - भविष्य - सम्बन्धी आदेश के लिए 
Will he - भविष्य - सम्बन्धी साधारण क्रिया के लिए। 

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Simple Present, Simple Past or Simple Future) of the verbs given in brackets :
  1. This is February. Then the next month ........... (be) March.
  2. He always ........... (find) fault with others.
  3. It ............ (happen) in the year 1924.
  4. I ........... (leave) for kolkata day after tomorrow.
  5. He ............. (come) to see you but you were not at home.
  6. My birthday .................. (fall) on a Sunday last year.
  7. Today is Sunday. Then the next day ......... (be) Monday.
  8. A stitch in time ............ (save) nine.
  9. God ............. (help) those who help themselves.
  10. It .............. (rain) last night.
  11. I think it ............. (rain) tomorrow.
  12. It ........... (not behave) good boys to tell lies.
  13. They ............. (get) married on the coming Tuesday.
  14. The war ............. (end) three months ago.
  15. India ............. (make) great progress in the coming years.
Answers:
  1. will be
  2. finds
  3. happened
  4. shall leave
  5. came
  6. fell
  7. will be
  8. saves
  9. helps
  10. rained
  11. will rain
  12. doesn't behove
  13. will get
  14. ended
  15. will make

8. Future Continuous Tense

(will / shall + be + V1 - ing)

Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब भविष्य में किसी विशेष समय का वर्णन हो और कोई क्रिया उस विशेष समय से पहले आरम्भ होकर उसके बाद में पूरी होती हो। 
  1. We shall be waiting for you when you get back tomorrow.
  2. The teacher will be teaching the boys when you go to his class.
Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में भी किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भविष्य में किसी सम्पूर्ण अवधि के दौरान जारी रहनी हो ; जैसे -
  1. We shall be travelling all night.
  2. He will be studying in this class next year.
Future Continuous Tense तथा Future Indefinite के अंतर को अच्छी तरह से समझ लेना चाहिए। इसलिए निम्नलिखित नियम को याद रखिए -
Future Indefinite - for an action which begins at a certain future moment.
Future Continuous - for an action which began before, and finished after a certain future moment.

Future Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग भविष्य में किसी विशेष समय पर शुरू होने वाली क्रिया के लिए किया जाता है। 

Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग भविष्य में किसी विशेष समय से पहले शुरू होने वाली , और उस विशेष समय के बाद तक जारी रहने वाली क्रिया के लिए किया जाता है। 

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Future Indefinite or Future Continuous) of the verbs given in brackets :
नोट :-
  • Future Indefinite Tense भविष्य में किसी Point of Time की ओर संकेत करता है। 
  • Future Continuous Tense भविष्य में किसी Period of Time की ओर संकेत करता है। 
  1. I ............. (reach) there at five o'clock.
  2. We ............ (wait) for you when you come back.
  3. He ......... (lie) in bed when you go to his room.
  4. He .......... (finish) this work by tomorrow evening.
  5. He .......... (live) in London at this time next year.
  6. The sky is dark. I think it ........... (rain).
  7. It ............ (rain) by the time you get ready to leave.
  8. The Principal ............ (talk) to the students about this problem.
  9. I ................. (see) what I can do for you.
  10. Don't come next week; I ............ (prepare) for my examination.
Answers:
  1. shall reach 
  2. shall be waiting
  3. will be lying
  4. will finish
  5. will be living
  6. will rain
  7. will be raining
  8. will talk
  9. shall see
  10. shall be preparing

8. Future Perfect Tense

(will / shall + have + V3)

Future Perfect Tense का प्रयोग ऐसी क्रिया के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में किसी समय से पहले पूरी होने की सम्भावना रखती हो। 
  1. I shall have finished my work by evening.
  2. She will have cleaned the room before you reach.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Present Perfect, Past Perfect or Future Perfect) of the verbs given in brackets :
  1. I .............. (finish) my work just now.
  2. I ............. (finish) my work before he comes.
  3. The train ............... (come). Try to find a seat for me.
  4. The train .............. (come) when I reached the station.
  5. The train ............ (come) before you reach the station.
  6. I ............ (read) the book which you gave me.
  7. I ............( already read) the book which you gave me.
  8. I ........... (read) the whole book before you come back.
  9. I ............ (finish) my work by the time you come back in the evening.
  10. We .......... (do) all these exercises by the time the teacher comes.
Answers :
  1. have finished
  2. will have finished
  3. has come
  4. had come 
  5. will have come
  6. have read
  7. had already read
  8. will have read
  9. will have finished
  10. will have done

10. Perfect Continuous Tense

(Present, Past and Future)

1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
👉 इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में आरम्भ हुई हो और अब भी चल रही हो। 
  • He has been reading English for two years.
  • They have been reading this book since morning.
👉 इस Tense के वाक्यों में has / have + been + V1 -ing + since / for का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
👉 इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में आरम्भ होकर भूतकाल में ही किसी निश्चित समय पर चल रही हो। 
  • When I reached there at 2 p.m., he had been waiting for me since 1:30 p.m.
  • It had been raining since morning when you rang me up.
👉 इस Tense के वाक्यों में had + been + V1 -ing + since / for का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
👉 इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब क्रिया भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय (point of time) तक अथवा किसी निश्चित अवधि (period of time) के लिए जारी रहनी हो। 
  • By six o'clock, I will have been sitting here for ten hours.
  • He joined this office in the month of March. By December, he will have been working here for ten months.
👉 इस Tense में will/shall + have been लगाकर Verb के -ing वाले रूप का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the right Tense form (Perfect Continuous Tense) of the verbs given in the brackets :
  1. The new teacher ............... (teach) us for six months.
  2. My brother ............ (dig) in the garden since morning.
  3. I ............ (study) for three hours when the lights were off.
  4. He .......... (try) to solve this problem since yesterday.
  5. The students .......... (wait) for their result since last month.
  6. It ........... (rain) heavily for a week and the dam was flooded.
  7. We .......... (pay) all the taxes regularly since 1998.
  8. By four o'clock, I ........... (sit) here for four hours.
  9. What ............... you ........... (do) all the time when I was away ?
  10. How long .......... you ............ (stand) here ?
  11. The boys ............ (work) since morning and they are now feeling tired.
  12. I .......... (read) this book for two hours when you came at 6 o'clock.
Answers :
  1. has been teaching
  2. has been digging 
  3. had been studying 
  4. has been trying
  5. have been waiting
  6. had been raining
  7. have been paying
  8. will have been sitting
  9. had (you) been doing
  10. have (you) been standing
  11. have been working
  12. had been reading

11. Sequence Of Tenses

👉 यदि Principal clause की क्रिया Present Tense में हो , तो Subordinate clause की क्रिया किसी भी Tense  में हो सकती है ; जैसे -
  • He assures me that the train has arrived.
  • He says that she came at 4 p. m.
  • The Principal declares that latecomers will be fined.
👉 यदि Principal clause की क्रिया Future Tense में हो , तो Subordinate clause की क्रिया किसी भी Tense में हो सकती है ; जैसे -
  • He will assure me that the train has arrived.
  • He will assure me that the train had arrived.
  • He will say that Ramesh is late.
👉 यदि Principal clause की क्रिया Past Tense में हो , तो Subordinate clause की क्रिया भी Past Tense में होनी चाहिए। 
किन्तु यदि Subordinate clause में किसी आदत अथवा स्थाई सत्य (universal truth)  का वर्णन हो , तो इसकी क्रिया Present Tense में ही रहती है। 
  • He assured me that the train had arrived.
  • The Principal declared that the latecomers would be fined.
  • He told me that he never tells a lie.
  • The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.
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