Notes can help you in revising the whole chapter in less time. If exams are near or you have class test next day then you can easily understand all the important points and concepts through notes made by our subject - expert teacher at Textual Solution. We have divided the Revision Notes in two sections - Chapter At A Glance and Important Terms & Their Explanation of Democratic Politics (Civics) Class 10 Ch 2 - Fedralism.
Chapter At A Glance
- Fedralism is a system in which two types of governments are there. First one is a central government which has more powers and second one is provincial governments which has less powers as compared to central government.
- Fedralism has many features like - it has two levels of governments, every government has its own jurisdiction of every level is specified in constitution, constitution can be changed with the conset of both the levels, courts can interpret the power and can resolve the disputes between centre and states.
- Two types of Fedralism are there. First one is 'coming together federation' where centre and states both have equal powers. Second one is holding together federations in which centre is more powerful than states.
- India is a Federal country because all the powers are divided among centre and states but centre has more powers than that of states.
- There are three types of lists given in constitution in which different subjects are given. From Union list only centre can make law, from State list, state govt. can make law and from Concurrent list both centre and state can make laws. But in case of clash of laws, central law will prevail over state's law.
- Constitution cannot be changed very easily. It needs conset of both centre and states and requires atleast two third majority of parliament to change.
- After 1947 many states in India were formed on lingistic bases like Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Harayana, etc. But culture, ethnicity and geography has also played a vital role in the formation of the states.
- Centre - State relations are very important in Fedralism. If the government in centre and state are of same party then there would be no strain in these relations. But if the government in centre and state is of different party then it becomes very difficult to keep cordial relations in them.
- After 1990, a big change came in Indian politics and that was the uprising of regional parties. That's why no national party has been able to win majority in Lok Sabha of its own. That is why coalition governments came into being and this process is going on even today.
- Powers in India are decentralized. Three - tier structure of local government is there in India. The lower level is of local self government which includes panchayatas, panchayat samiti and zila parishad for villages and municipal councils, municipal committee and corporations for cities. Every level has been given certain powers to carry out developmental works in its particular area.
Important Terms & Their Explanation
- Jurisdiction : The official power to make legal decisions and judgements about something or the limit within which legal authority can be exercised.
- Coalition Government : When atleast two political parties come together to form an alliance to win over majority in election then coalition government comes into being.
- Fedralism : System of government in which power is divided among central authority and constituent units.
- Concurrent List : A list of subjects in which both central and state governments have common interests.
- Residuary Subjects : Those subjects which are not in Union, State and Concurrent lists and union government has the power to make laws on these subjects.
- Decentralisation : To transfer power, authority, etc. from central government to local government or division of powers from higher level to lower level.
- Panchayti Raj : Rural local government is popularly known as Panchayti Raj.
- Gram Sabha : A constitutional body constituted by all the adults of the village which elects the gram panchayat.