NCERT Solution for Class 10 S.St Ch 2
Exercises, Page no - 27
1. Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India : Manipur, Sikkim, Chattisgarh and Goa.
Answer :
- Manipur - Manipur is the north - eastern border state and it has boundries with Myanmar.
- Sikkim - Sikkim is the state of monestries and is between the countries of Nepal and Bhutan.
- Chhattisgarh - Chhattisgarh is in central India and has been formed by dividing Madhya Pradesh.
- Goa - Goa is situated on west coast of India and is surrounded by Karnatka and Maharashtra.
2. Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.
Answer :
25 countries of the world are federal countries out of 192. Main Federal states of the world are U.S.A., Canada, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Argentina etc.
3. Point out one feature in the practice of fedralism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.
Answer :
Similar Feature - One similar feature in the Fedralism of India and Belgium is that both the countries have federations in which two types of governments are there and out of these two governments, central government is more powerful as compared to state government.
Different Feature - Three types of linguistic groups are living in Belgium and three types of governments are there in Belgium. First one is central government, second type is state government and third type of government is community government which is elected by people belonging to one language community and which has powers related issues like educational, cultural, linguistic etc.
But in India only two types of governments are there - central and state governments. There is no such community government like Belgium.
4. What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one ? Explain with an example.
Answer :
On the basis of relationship of the units with the Central governments, the government is of two types- unitary and federal government. In a unitary type of government the supreme authority is vested in the central government but in a Federal government the authority is divided between the centre and states. Following are the main points of differences between the two types of government.
- Firstly, in a unitary government there is a concentration of powers in the central government, whereas in a federal government powers are divided between the Centre and the Units.
- Secondly, in a unitary government the units are created for administrative convenience and they are mere parts or agents of the central government, whereas in a federation the units possess their own entities, In a federation the units derive their powers from the constitution and not from the central goernment and for their existence the units do not depend upon the central government.
- Thirdly, a unitary government there is single government in the country, while in a federation there is double set of government - one at the centre and others in the units. Federation makes provision for separate legislature and executives for the centre as well as the units. But in a unitary government there is one legislature and one executive for the whole country.
- Fourthly, a unitary state is unity while a Federal state is only a union, not a unity.
- Fifthly, a federal constitution generally is the outcome of an government by which the constituent units create a new state for common purposes while retaining autonomous powers for themselves. Hence, such a constitition can be altered through a special method of amendment. But the constitution of a unitary government is not the outcome of a treaty. Hence the procedure of amendment is simple.
- Sixthly, in a unitary government it is not essential that the constitution should be in a written form. British constitution is unwritten. But in a federation it is essential that the constitution should be in a written form. The constituion of U.S.A. and India are written one.
- Seventhly, in a unitary government there is single citizenship, whereas in a federation generally there is a double citizenship. In U.S.A. and in Switzerland citizens enjoy double citizenship.
- Eightly, in a unitary government the constitution may or may not be rigid. For example the constitution of England is flexible whereas the constition of Japan is rigid, But in a federation the constitution is rigid.
- Ninthly, in a unitary government it is not necessary that the judiciary should be supreme and independent. In England judiciary is not supreme, there is supermacy of parliament. But in a federation judiciary is supreme and independent.
5. State any two differences between the local government before and after the Constitutional amendment in 1992.
Answer :
73rd constitutional amendment was passed in 1992. Some changes were made in constitution because Local Self governments were not working properly. Two differences between before and after constitutional amendment in 1992 are given below :
| Before 1992 | After 1992 |
|---|---|
| Local self governments had no powers to collect taxes to meet their regular needs. | Local self governments were given some powers to collect some taxes to meet their needs. |
| There were no regular elections held in local self governments. | It became mandatory to hold regular elections in local self governments after 5 years. |
| There were no reserved seats for women in local self governments. | 33% of total seats were kept reserved in local self governments for women. |
6. Fill in the blanks:
Since the United States is a ___________ type of federation, all the constituent States have equal power and States are ____________ vis-a-vis the federal government. But India is a __________ type of federation and some states have more power than others. In India, the _________ government has more powers.
Answers :
Since the United States is a coming together type of federation, all the constituent states have equal power and stated are stronger vis-a-vis the federal government. But India is a Holding together type of federation and some states have more power than others. In India, the Central government has more powers.
7. Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions.
Sangeeta : The policy of accomodation has strengthened national unity.
Arman : Language - based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.
Harish : This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.
Answer :
If we look at the given three arguments then we think the argument given by Sangeeta is the best because in Indian context the policy of accommodation have strengthened national unity.
Actually India is a multi-linguistic socirty in which alone 22 languages are given in Constitution. After 1947 a need was felt to reconstitute the states and after looking at all aspects, Central government has deliberately reorganized the states of India on the basis of language like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Harayana, etc. were formed. If these could not have been formed then the local linguistic groups could have stood up against the Central government and this could have been a danger to national unity. So the language policy followed by India has strengthened National Unity.
8. The distinguishing feature of a federal government is :
(a) National government gives some powers to the provincial governments.
(b) Power is distributed among the legislature, executive and judiciary.
(c) Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.
(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.
Answer :
Answer to this question is option (d) that governmental power is divided between different levels of government. We can take example of India where powers are divided in Central government, State governments and Local self governments.
9. A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below.
A. Defence; B. Police; C. Agriculture; D. Education; E. Banking; F. Forests; G. Communications; H. Trade; I. Marriages
Answer :
Union List - A. Defence, E. Banking, G. Communications
State List - B. Police, C. Agriculture, F. Forests
Concurrent List - D. Education, H. Trade, I. Marriages
10. Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?
Answer :
11. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :
| List I | List II |
|---|---|
| 1. Union of India | A. Prime Minister |
| 2. State | B. Sarpanch |
| 3. Municipal Corporation | C. Governor |
| 4. Gram Panchayat | D. Mayor |
Answer :
Answer to this question is option (c) that is A-C-D-B.
12. Consider the following two statements.
A. In a federation the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.
B. India is a federation because the powers of union and state Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.
C. Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
D. India is no longer a federation because some power of the States have been devolved to the local government bodies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B and C
(b) A, C and D
(c) A and B only
(d) B and C only
Answer :
Answer to this question is option (c) that is A and B only are correct