Non - Finites English Grammar Class 10

 Non-Finites

निम्नलिखित Verb परिवार को ध्यानपूर्वक अध्यन कीजिये :

Finites : यदि किसी क्रिया पर कर्ता के वचन (number) और पुरुष (person) का प्रभाव पड़ रहा हो , तो उसे Finite Verb कहा जाता है ; जैसे - 

1. I want a table.
2. She wants a table.
3. They want flowers.
4. Radha wants dolls.

ऊपर दिए वाक्यों में क्रिया want कर्त्ता के अनुसार बदलती रहती है। इसलिए इसे Finite क्रिया कहा जाता है। 

Non - finites : यदि कोई क्रिया कर्त्ता के वचन (number) और पुरुष (person) के प्रभाव से मुक्त हो , तो उसे Non - finite Verb कहा जाता है ; जैसे -

1. I want to dance.
2. She wants to dance.
3. They want to dance.
4. Radha wants to dance.

ऊपर दिए वाक्यों में क्रिया dance पर कर्त्ता का कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ा है। इसलिए इसे Non - finite क्रिया कहा जाता है। 

Kinds Of Non - Finites

Non - finites तीन प्रकार के होते है -

1. The Infinitive

• Bare Infinitive
• To-infinitive

2. The Gerund

3. The Participle

• Present Participle
• Past Participle
• Perfect Participle

Non - Finites के विभिन्न रूप

Bare Infinitive का प्रयोग

Bare Infinitive (to के बिना infinitive) का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. निम्नलिखित सहायक क्रियाओं (Auxiliaries) के बाद : do, does, did, can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, must, might, need, dare.

1. He may come today.
2. I shall accompany you.
3. I can play cricket.
4. You need not do it.
5. She dare not come here.

नोट : need और dare का प्रयोग जब मुख्य क्रियाओं के रूप में किया गया हो तो इनके साथ to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. He didn't dare to come here.
2. You don't need to go there.

नोट : सहायक क्रियाओं ought और used के बाद भी to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. You ought to finish your work.
2. He used to come here daily.

2. निम्नलिखित सकर्मक (Transitive) क्रियाओं के बाद : make, let, bid, feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe,  आदि क्रियाओं के बाद bare infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है जब ये क्रियाएँ Active Voice में हों ; जैसे -

1. I saw him steal my pen.
2. I heard him go up the stairs.
3. I felt the cold air strike against my face.

किन्तु hear, make तथा see का प्रयोग जब Passive Voice में किया गया हो तो इनके बाद to-infinitive का प्रयोग भी किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. He was heard to say all this.
2. She was made to dance.
3. He was seen to enter the office.

नोट : feel, hear, see तथा watch के बाद प्रायः -ing वाली क्रिया अर्थात Present Participle का प्रयोग भी किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. I saw him leaving the office. (Active)
2. He was seen leaving the office. (Passive)
3. I heard her shouting at him. (Active)
4. She was heard shouting at him. (Passive)

3. had और would वाले निम्नलिखित phrases के बाद : had better, had rather, would rather, had sooner, would sooner.

1. I would rather die than beg.
2. You had better stop smoking.

4. than, but तथा except के बाद जब इनका प्रयोग Conjunction के रूप में किया गया हो ; जैसे -

1. He did nothing but laugh.
2. I could do nothing except agree to it.
3. I would rather walk than ride your scooter.

नोट : but के बाद bare infinitive का प्रयोग केवल तब किया जाता है जब but से पूर्व मुख्य क्रिया के रूप में do, does अथवा did का प्रयोग किया गया हो। 

To-Infinitive का प्रयोग

To-infinitive का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. ought और have के बाद to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है, यदि इन शब्दों का प्रयोग किसी ज़िम्मेदारी (obligation) अथवा कर्त्तव्य को प्रकट करने के लिए किया गया हो। सहायक क्रिया used के बाद भी to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. We ought to help the poor.
2. You ought to respect your elders.
3. Boys had to pay their fees.
4. I have to support my family.
5. She has to live with her parents.
6. She used to come here daily.

नोट : ought और used के अतिरिक्त शेष सभी Modals के साथ bare infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

2. निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं के साथ to-infinitive लगाया जाता है , यदि इनका प्रयोग किसी मनोरथ , इच्छा अथवा तत्परता को प्रकट करने के लिए किया गया हो -

want, hope, like, love, hate, promise, intend, propose, decide, swear, learn, remember, forget, agree, consent, neglect, refuse, attempt, fail, hesitate, prepare, care, pretend, determine, arrange, seem.

1. I want to go now.
2. She decided to marry him.
3. I forgot to answer this question.
4. They promised to pay all the taxes.

3. निम्नलिखित सकर्मक (transitive) क्रियाओं के साथ object लगाने के बाद to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है -

ask, advise, allow, beg, compel, encourage, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, request, tell, teach, warn, आदि। 

1. I begged him to help me.
2. My mother asked me to work hard. 
3. The teacher allowed him to go.
4. The boys requested the teacher to forgive them.

4. किसी कारण अथवा उद्देश्य को प्रकट करने के लिए भी to - infinitve का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. She came here to consult you.
2. I went to Delhi to meet my brother.
3. They stopped at the market to buy some apples.

5. जब किसी क्रिया को कर्त्ता के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया हो , तो भी to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. To tell lies is a bad thing.
2. To play with fire is dangerous.
3. To kill little birds is a sin.

6. यदि किसी क्रिया का प्रयोग object के रूप में किया जा रहा हो , तो भी to-infinitive का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे - 

1. I want to go now.
2. She hopes to pass this year.

7. किसी क्रिया के पूरक (Complement) के रूप में to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे -

1. His aim was to get good marks.
2. My hobby is to collect stamps.
3. They were to reach here today.

8. किसी noun की विशेषता प्रकट करने के लिए ; जैसे -

1. This cloth is easy to wash.
2. This question is difficult to do.

9. too + adjective / adverb के बाद नकारात्मक अर्थ के लिए ; जैसे -

1. He is too weak to walk.
2. He was too drunk to drive home.
3. She walked too slowly to catch the train.

10. adjective / adverb + enough के बाद सकारात्मक अर्थ के लिए ; जैसे -

1. He is rich enough to buy a car.
2. She is old enough to travel by herself.
3. This bag is light enough for me to carry.
4. She jumped high enough to touch the ceiling.

11. यदि किसी ordinal number (first, second, last, आदि ) का प्रयोग एक विशेषण के रूप में किया गया हो , तो इसके बाद to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. I was the first to reach there.
2. Radha was the last to leave the class.

12. how, when, where, what, आदि शब्दों के बाद object के रूप में to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. I do not know how to swim.
2. He did not know what to do.
3. Can you tell me where to go ?
4. How can I say when to leave ?

13. It + is / was + adjective + for / of + noun / pronoun के बाद to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. It is easy for you to say that.
2. It was kind of him to help us.
3. It was brave of Ram to catch the thief.
4. It is difficult for Mohan to finish that work alone.

14. यदि किसी क्रिया का प्रयोग किसी adjective के बाद object के रूप में किया गया हो , तो to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. I am happy to see you here.
2. It is bad to abuse others.
3. It is good to finish the work in time.

15. यदि किसी क्रिया का प्रयोग किसी noun या pronoun की व्याख्या करने के लिए किया गया हो , तो भी to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. I have some letters to write.
2. I want some bread to eat.
3. He has a machine to wash the clothes.

16. दो वाक्यों को जोड़ने के लिए भी to-infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. (a) We go to school.

    (b) We want to learn.

    = We go to school to learn.

2. (a) He is very ill.

    (b) He cannot sit up.

    = He is too ill to sit up.

3. (a) He came to my house.

    (b) He wanted to borrow a book.

    = He came to my house to borrow a book.

Exercise

I. Rewrite adding 'to' where necessary before the Infinitives in brackets :

1. Mohan wants (swim) in the river.
2. (kill) a man is a crime.
3. Mihir Sen wanted (swim) the English Channel.
4. Let him (go) now.
5. I have come (see) the Principal.
6. It began (rain) and we couldn't (go) out.
7. We saw him (arrive) at the station.
8. The book was easy (read).
9. We didn't (except) Rama (win).
10. They heard her (sing).
11. Mohan knows how (answer) the question.
12. He was too tired (walk).
13. He made me (do) it.
14. They stopped (have) some rest.
15. He is saving money (buy) a scooter.

II. Use the verbs in brackets with or without 'to' to complete each sentence.

1. He is too weak (walk).
2. It is easy (make) mistakes.
3. Who is (blame) in this ?
4. This dress is good (wear).
5. Do you want (see) this film ?
6. I saw him (open) the door.
7. This cloth is easy (wash).
8. You ought (obey) your parents.
9. We don't allow anyone (smoke) in his room.
10. The thief was seen (enter) the building.
11. She did not let me (enter) her room.
12. I made him (give) my money back.
13. I wanted (help) him, but I could not (meet) him.
14. How dare you (open) my letter ?
15. I would rather (die) than (beg).

III. Rewrite adding 'to' where necessary before the infinitives in brackets :

1. I can (sing) quite well.
2. You needn't (say) anything.
3. He made me (repeat) words.
4. He will be able (swim) very soon.
5. Would you like (come) with me ?
6. I know he won't (tell) the truth.
7. It is easy (find) fault with others.
8. You ought (go) today; he may (go) tomorrow.
9. How dare you (open) my letters ?
10. Can you help me (move) this table ?
11. Visitors are requested (not feed) the animals in the zoo.
12. He tried (make) me a fool.
13. Did you hear the cock (crow) ?
14. There is nothing (do) now.
15. I am sorry (disturb) you.

Gerund का प्रयोग

क्रिया के ऐसे -ing वाले रूप को gerund कहा जाता है , जो किसी noun का काम कर रहा हो। इसके विभिन्न प्रयोग निम्नलिखित है -

1. किसी क्रिया के Subject के  रूप में ; जैसे -

• Smoking causes cancer.
• Swimming improves one's health.

2. किसी क्रिया के Object के रूप में ; जैसे -

• I love swimming.
• I dislike smoking.

3. किसी Preposition के Object के रूप में ; जैसे -

• He is fond of playing.
• She was fined for coming late.

4. क्रिया 'be' के पूरक (complement) के रूप में ; जैसे -

• His only aim was cheating.
• My favourite hobby is gardening.

5. किसी pronoun के equivalent के रूप में ; जैसे -

• It is no use crying.
• It is foolish saying that.

6. निम्नलिखित शब्दों या शब्द - समूहों के बाद -

No, busy, worth, be used to, object to, It is no use.

1. No smoking in the hall.
2. No parking here, please.
3. I am busy doing my homework.
4. This book is worth buying.
5. She is used to telling lies.
6. I am used to living a hard life.
7. I object to writing on my walls.
8. She objected to dancing in her house.
9. It is no use crying over split milk.
10. It is no use waiting for her now.

7. निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं के बाद Object के रूप में to-infinitive तथा gerund में से किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है -

advise, allow, attempt, begin, continue, hate, intend, learn, like, love, remember, start, आदि। 

To-infinitive	Gerund
He intends to live here.	He intends living here.
I love to hear this song.	I love hearing this song.
I remembered to see him.	I remembered seeing him.
We prefer to travel by air.	We prefer travelling by air.
He continued to write letters.	He continued writing letters.

8. निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं के साथ bare infinitive अथवा gerund में से किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है -

feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, आदि। 

Bare Infinitive	Gerund
I heard her come in.	I heard her coming in.
She saw me cross the road.	She saw me crossing the road.
I heard you shout in the class.	I heard you shouting in the class.

9. निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं के साथ केवल gerund का प्रयोग किया जाता है। इनके साथ infinitive का प्रयोग कभी नहीं किया जाना चाहिए -

avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, forget, keep, mind, imagine, pardon, postpone, risk, stop, suggest, try, understand.

1. Please stop writing.
2. I dislike telling lies.
3. Please pardon my saying so.
4. Don't risk going out in the storm.
5. I avoid meeting such persons.

10. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के साथ भी केवल gerund का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है -

be worth, can't bear, be no use, can't stand, be no good, can't help.

1. This table is worth buying.
2. It is no good imitating others.
3. It is no use crying over split milk.
4. She can't bear living away from her children.
5. We couldn't help laughing at him.
6. I can't stand smoking in my room.

11. यदि mind का प्रयोग क्रिया के रूप में किया गया हो तो उसके बाद object के रूप में gerund का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए ; जैसे -

1. I don't mind spending on the books.
2. Would you mind sitting on the floor ?
3. Do you mind closing the window ?

12. किसी सम्बन्धवाचक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के बाद सदा gerund का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -

1. Do you mind my smoking here ?
2. I dislike Mohan's coming late daily.
3. Your future depends on your working hard.

13. Need और want के साथ gerund का प्रयोग passive अर्थ में होता है ; जैसे -

1. My hair wants cutting (needs to be cut).
2. Your dress needs repairing (needs to be repaired).

14. Try के बाद यदि infinitive का प्रयोग किया गया हो तो इसका अर्थ होता है - 'प्रयत्न करना' 

Try के बाद यदि gerund का प्रयोग किया गया हो तो इसका अर्थ होता है - 'प्रयोग करना' या 'प्रयोग करके देखना', जैसे -

1. I tried to sleep , but couldn't.
2. If you cannot sleep, try taking a sleeping pill.

15. Like के बाद यदि gerund का प्रयोग होता हो , तो उसका अर्थ होता है 'आनंद उठाना' 

Like के बाद यदि infinitive का प्रयोग हो , तो उसका अर्थ होता है - 'चाहना', 'सहमत होना', 'पसंद करना', आदि ; जैसे -

1. I like swimming (= I enjoy swimming).
2. I didn't like to disturb her as she was sleeping.

किन्तु dislike के बाद सदा gerund का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

1. I disliked disturbing her as she was sleeping.
2. I disliked swimming in the muddy river.

EXERCISE

Fill in the blanks with the correct form (Gerund or Infinitive) of verbs given in brackets :

1. I enjoyed .......... (swim) in the river.
2. I want them .......... (come) back soon.
3. The thief attempted .............. (escape) but he was caught.
4. The boys suggested .............. (go) for a picnic.
5. My grandmother dislikes .............. (use) face powder.
6. Don't you remember ............. (see) her at Mohan's birthday party ?
7. You must remember ............ (telephone) me after ............ (reach) there.
8. How long do you expect ........... (stay) in Agra ?
9. ............. (learn) English quickly is not an easy thing.
10. She promised ........... (return) it as soon as possible.
11. The problem is difficult ............ (understand).
12. I wanted ............. (suggest) it, but I was afraid of ............. (offend) her.
13. It is very easy ............ (criticize) other people's work.
14. ............. (write) good essays is very difficult.
15. This book is not worth ............ (buy).

Answers :

1. swimming
2. to come
3. to escape
4. going
5. using
6. seeing
7. to telephone, reaching
8. to stay
9. Learning
10. to return
11. to understand
12. to suggest, offending
13. to criticize
14. Writing
15. buying

Participles का प्रयोग

क्रिया के जिस रूप में Verb तथा Adjective दोनों के गुण हों , उसे Participle कहा जाता है। Participles तीन प्रकार के होते है -

Present Participle (V1 -ing)	Past Participle (V3)	Perfect Participle (having + V3)
seeing	seen	Having seen
Drowning	Drowned	Having drowned
Finishing	Finished	Having finished

1. Present Participle के उदाहरण -

1. The results were encouraging.
2. A drowning man catches at a straw.
3. Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
4. Naresh went into the bathroom singing.

2. Past Participle के उदाहरण -

1. I saw a faded rose.
2. I boarded a crowded bus.
3. These solved papers are very helpful.
4. His spoken English is much better than yours.

3. Perfect Participle के उदाहरण -

1. Having won a prize, Neelu felt happy.
2. Having done his homework, John went to play.
3. Having bought a book, I came back from the market.
4. Having attended a meeting of the club, I came back.

Present Participle का प्रयोग

Present Participle का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है -

1. Continuous Tense बनाने के लिए ; जैसे -

1. He is writing a letter.
2. She was sleeping in her room.
3. It will be raining on the hills.

2. एक Adjective (विशेषण) के रूप में ; जैसे -

1. I saw a burning house.
2. Barking dogs seldom bite.
3. He told me an interesting story.

3. Subject के पूरक (Complement) के रूप में ; जैसे -

1. The girl was charming.
2. The work was tiring.
3. The play was boring.

4. Object के पूरक के रूप में ; जैसे -

1. I found her sleeping.
2. I saw him running.
3. We heard the bombs exploding.

5. जब कोई क्रिया वाक्य की मुख्य क्रिया के समय पर ही हो रही हो ; जैसे -

1. She went away laughing.
2. The girls entered the stage singing a song.

6. जब कोई कार्य मुख्य क्रिया का ही भाग हो या उसका परिणाम हो ; जैसे -

1. He fired, killing the tiger.
2. She went away, breaking my heart.
3. It rained heavily, flooding the rivers.
4. The police fired, killing two thieves.

7. It + be + Present Participle + infinitive की रचना वाले वाक्यों में ; जैसे -

1. It was depressing to find him sick.
2. It is boring to do the same thing every day.

8. have + object के बाद ; जैसे -

1. He had people waiting for him all day.
2. I won't have him sleeping in my room.

9. see / hear / feel / smell / watch / notice + object के बाद ; जैसे -

1. I felt the earth moving.
2. I saw him passing my house.
3. She smelt something burning.
4. I watched them rehearsing the play.
5. Didn't you hear the children shouting ?

10. catch / find / leave + object के बाद ; जैसे -

1. He left me crying in pain.
2. I caught him stealing my books.
3. I found him standing at the door.

11. go तथा come के बाद शरीर सम्बन्धी क्रियाओं के लिए ; जैसे -

1. She came dancing / crying / shouting / etc.
2. They went swimming / hunting / riding / shopping / etc.

12. spend / waste + समय या धन सम्बन्धी वर्णन के बाद ; जैसे -

1. He spends two hours a day swimming.
2. He spent a lot of money buying gifts of her.
3. He wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair his car.

13. be + busy के बाद ; जैसे -

1. I am busy doing my homework.
2. She was busy packing her luggage.

Past Participle का प्रयोग

Past Participle का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है :

1. Perfect Tense बनाने के लिए ; जैसे -

1. Ram has gone to Shimla.
2. I have finished my work.
3. She had written the poem.

2. विशेषण के रूप में ; जैसे -

1. I saw a wounded bird.
2. They don't admit failed students.

3. Subject के पूरक के रूप में ; जैसे -

1. The corrupt officer was dismissed.
2. All the schools were closed.

4. Object के पूरक के रूप में ; जैसे -

1. I found the books stolen.
2. They left the work unfinished.

5. Adverb के रूप में ; जैसे -

1. He went away greatly satisfied.
2. He left the hospital cured.

6. दो वाक्यों को जोड़ने के लिए ; जैसे -

A speeding car hit him. He died on the spot.

= Hit by a speeding car, he died on the spot.

Perfect Participle का प्रयोग

जब कोई एक क्रिया किसी अन्य क्रिया के बाद पूरी हुई हो , तो पूर्व वाली क्रिया के लिए Perfect Participle का प्रयोग होता है ; जैसे -

1. He milked the cow. Then he went to the market.

= Having milked the cow, he went to market.

2. He finished his work. Then he went home.

= Having finished his work, he went home.

3. He completed his studies. Then he started looking for a job.

= Having completed his studies, he started looking for a job.