Compound and Complex Sentences English Grammar Class 10

 Compound and Complex Sentences

Compound and Complex Sentences

Sentence : शब्दों के किसी ऐसे समूह को Sentence कहा जाता है जो अर्थ को पूर्ण रूप से स्पष्ट करता हो ; जैसे -

1. Boys are going to school.
2. He went home yesterday.
3. He is my best friend.
4. God helps those who help themselves.

ऊपर दिया गया प्रत्येक शब्द - समूह किसी पूर्ण अर्थ को स्पष्ट करता है। इस प्रकार के शब्द - समूह को ही Sentence कहा जाता है। 

Phrase : शब्दों के किसी ऐसे समूह को Phrase कहा जाता है जिससे कुछ अर्थ तो निकलता हो , किन्तु पूर्ण अर्थ न स्पष्ट होता हो ; जैसे -

1. in the morning.
2. after an hour.
3. on the table.
4. with my brother.

Clause : ऐसे शब्द - समूह को Clause कहा जाता है जो किसी पूर्ण वाक्य का अंश हो , तथा जिसका अपना अलग Subject और Predict हो। 

Clause के विचार से वाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते है :

1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence

1. Simple Sentence - जिस वाक्य की केवल एक ही Clause हो , उसे Simple Sentence कहा जाता है ; जैसे -

1. The boy broke his leg.
2. She washed her clothes.
3. Mohan stood first in his class.
4. I wrote a letter to my father.

2. Compound Sentence - जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक अनाश्रित Clauses हों , उसे Compound Sentence कहा जाता है ; उदाहरण के रूप में -

1. Sita saw Rama and she became happy.
2. You must work hard or you will fail.
3. Many were called, but few were chosen.
4. The sun rose and the fog disappeared.

Compound Sentence की प्रत्येक Clause को Co-ordinate clause कहा जाता है। 

3. Complex Sentence - जिस वाक्य में एक Principal Clause हो तथा एक या एक से अधिक Subordinate Clauses हों , उसे Complex Sentence कहा जाता है। 

Principal Clause को Main Clause भी कहा जाता है। 

Subordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहा जाता है। 

1. Principal Clause - Complex sentence का वह भाग जो मुख्य Subject और मुख्य Predicate से बना हो , उसे Principal Clause कहा जाता है। 

2. Subordinate Clause - Complex Sentence का वह भाग जिसका अर्थ Principal Clause पर आश्रित हो , उसे Subordinate Clause कहा जाता है। 

Principal Clause	Subordinate Clause
He lost the book	that I had given him.
I like the boys	who work hard.
I went to the place	where I had lost my purse.
I want to know	if he has passed.

Subordinate Clause को Principal Clause से पहले भी रखा जा सकता है ; जैसे -

Subordinate Clause	Principal Clause
When the sun set,	they returned home.
Unless you work hard,	you can't pass.
Where there is a will,	there is a way.
Since you say so,	I must believe it.

जो शब्द Subordinate Clause को Principal Clause के साथ जोड़ता है , उसे Subordinating Conjunction कहा जाता है , जैसे ऊपर दिए वाक्यों में When, unless, where, और since के शब्द है। 

Synthesis of Sentences

Type - I

Combining Simple Sentences into a Compound Sentence

	Separate Sentences	Combined Sentences
1.	He is very rich. He is not proud at all.	He is very rich, but he is not proud at all.
2.	She has left home. Her stepmother ill - treated her.	Her stepmother ill - treated her and she has left home.
3.	The sun rose. The fog disappeared.	The sun rose and the fog disappeared.
4.	He made a promise. He also kept in.	He made a promise and he also kept it.
5.	He must pay for the loss. Otherwise he will be fined.	He must pay for the loss, or he will be fined.
6.	He is sorrowful. He is hopeful.	He is sorrowful, but he is hopeful.
7.	He was in ill - health. He could not work.	He was in ill - health, and so he could not work.
8.	He was guilty. He was punished.	He was guilty, and therefore he was punished.
9.	I am going to my village. I shall stay there for a week.	I am going to my village and I shall stay there for a week.

Exercise

Combine each pair of sentences into a compound sentence :

1. He is poor. He is honest.
2. He broke the law. He was arrested.
3. He is intelligent. He is a bookworm.
4. I spoke my mind. I praised her dancing.
5. It is raining heavily. You should not go out.
6. That animal may be tiger. It may be a leopard.
7. Stop talking. You will be turned out of the class.
8. He was annoyed at her behaviour. He kept quiet.
9. She is intelligent. Her brother is equally intelligent.
10. The patient was dying. The doctor did not give up hope.
11. He strted for Agra today. He will stay there for four days.
12. The cat runs away at the sight of the dog. The cat fears the dog.

Type - II

Combining Simple Sentences into a Complex Sentence by using a Noun Clause

	Separate Sentences	Combined Sentences
1.	Rain will fall today. It is quite evident.	It is quite evident that rain will fall today.
2.	He has resigned. This rumour is baseless.	The rumour that he has resigned is baseless.
3.	It is a pity. You did that.	It is a pity that you did that.
4.	The question in this. He will help us or not.	The question is whether he will help us or not.
5.	Someone has stolen my purse. I do not know him.	I do not know who has stolen my purse.
6.	He says something. We cannot rely on that.	We cannot rely on what he says.
7.	He has failed. I am sorry to learn it.	I am sorry to learn that he has failed.
8.	I saw him busy. I went away without disturbing him.	Seeing that he was busy. I went away without disturbing him.

Exercise

Combine each pair of sentences into a complex sentence :

1. He said something. It is certain.
2. He will come back. It is certain.
3. He is a rogue. Everybody knows it.
4. This is something. No one can understand it.
5. She is going to some place. No one knows it.
6. Perhaps better luck is in store for us. We hope so.
7. The rose is the sweetest of flowers. This is certain.
8. The enemy was approaching. The news alarmed us.
9. We wanted to know her age. We asked her about it.
10. He is going somewhere. It is not known to anybody.
11. He has failed. I came to console him on learning this.
12. He will not return soon. He told us about his intention.
13. He will soon overcome his problems. There can be no doubt about it.
14. He will get us out of this difficulty. No one knows how he will do it.
15. Someone has been making a great noise. I should like to know the person.

Type - III

Combining Simple Sentences into a Complex Sentence by using an Adjective Clause

	Separate Sentences	Combined Sentences
1.	He told me a secret. I must not reveal the secret.	He told me a secret which I must not reveal.
2.	She married a lawyer. The lawyer lives in our street.	She married a lawyer who lives in our street.
3.	I saw the house. I was born there.	I saw the house where I was born.
4.	A man had a hen. The hen laid a golden egg daily.	A man had a hen that laid a golden egg daily.
5.	I had to solve this problem. It was a difficult problem.	I had to solve this problem which was difficult.

Exercise

Combine each pair of sentences into a complex sentence :

1. I suffered a loss. The loss was very big.
2. You will get the book. You want that book.
3. Alladin has a lamp. It brought him everything.
4. He is the boy. He was punished by the teacher.
5. I have a duty to perform. The duty was very difficult.
6. I lent you a book yesterday. When will you return it ?
7. Some friends are false. We should keep away from them.
8. The apples had gone bad. I bought these apples yesterday.
9. He jumped into the well. A child had fallen into this well.
10. You do not attend your classes regularly. Will you tell me the reason ?

Type - IV

Combining Simple Sentences into a Complex Sentence by using an Adverb Clause

	Separate Sentences	Combined Sentences
1.	He found out his mistake. He was then very sorry.	He was very sorry when he found out his mistake.
2.	He is working very hard. He wants to stand first in the examination.	He is working very hard as he wants to stand first in the examination.
3.	I reached the school. The bell was ringing at that time.	When I reached the school, the bell was ringing.
4.	Rosie gave up dancing. Her husband did not like her dancing.	Roise gave up dancing since her husband did not like it.
5.	He became more and more rich. He was not happy.	However rich he became, he was not happy.
6.	She is a beautiful girl. No other girl of her class is equally beautiful.	When we compare her with others, she is more beautiful than any other girl of her class.
7.	Give up smoking. Only then you can remain healthy.	You can't remain healthy unless you give up smoking.
8.	You have recovered now. You should start going to school.	Now that you have recovered, you should start going to school.
9.	He worked very hard. He will surely succeed.	He will surely succeed because he worked very hard.
10.	He tried for a long time. Then he succeeded.	He had tried for a long time before he succeeded.

Exercise

Combine each pair of sentences into a complex sentence :

1. He was always honest. He was poor.
2. He found out her mistake. He was very sorry.
3. This is not true. I can tell you only that much.
4. The train was moving. Just then I reached the station.
5. There is no other way left for us. Let us kiss and part.
6. Men work with a purpose. They want to earn a living.
7. He walked with care. He feared that he might sumble.
8. My grandfather is very old. He is quite active and smart.
9. The aeroplane was going to land. It caught fire suddenly.
10. The earthquake was very terrible.The whole city was destroyed.